The battery is probably the least attractive technology to date. This is especially true in the Department of Materials Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where there is a lab dedicated to building and testing the next transformative energy storage device that can easily be mistaken for just a storage room.
In that narrow lab, Donald Sadoway, the silver-silver chemist, was looking for plastic components that looked like children looking for specific Lego bricks. He placed two objects on the table, and they were about the size and shape of the cans, which looked like a book town.
No wonder the battery is hard to bring people's interest. But these towns—the batteries—can be the technology that revolutionizes our energy systems.
The battery is not just boring. Honestly, they are still very bad. To say good things, the batteries that help our daily lives are invisible heroes – they are integrated into important items such as smartphones, computers, and cars. It is not good to say that they are expensive, bulky, flammable, difficult to handle properly, prone to failure in cold environments, and easily ooze corrosive fluids. As devices that get energy from them become thinner and smarter, the battery is still waiting for the next upgrade. As we all know, the performance of a computer processor can double every two years; and the battery can only increase by a few percentage points every two years.
Early prototype of the battery developed by Sato.
However, the future will be the era of battery power. This is imperative. From electric vehicles to industrial-scale solar power plants, batteries will be the key to a cleaner, more efficient energy system – the sooner we achieve this, the sooner we can no longer exacerbate climate change.
However, our current batteries - mostly lithium-ion batteries - are not good enough. Some progress has been made in this area: energy storage costs have fallen by half in the past five years, and more and more large companies are investing heavily in this technology, such as Tesla's Gigafactory superbattery plant. But from the perspective of large-scale economic transformation, lithium-ion batteries are still too expensive. They are quite powerful in our everyday equipment, but once they are scaled up, they are prone to overheating and even explosions.
Perhaps the biggest problem with lithium-ion batteries is that they wear out slowly. Think about it, your mobile phone battery will change from consumption to 1% and then back to 100% after several years. This process of deep discharge and charging can cause damage to the battery and can degrade the performance of the battery.
Therefore, we have long been welcoming new batteries, and researchers around the world are vying to help us achieve this, and all kinds of technologies are striving to stand out. Some of the ideas are very novel – not too attractive, but absolutely amazing. For example, a liquid battery, a molten metal battery that operates at a temperature comparable to that of a car engine, and a battery that uses brine as a raw material.
This is part of a new competitive landscape.
Why is the battery important?
A good battery needs to meet several requirements, but two things are essential: reliability and cheap.
Eric Rohlfing, deputy director of the Advanced Energy Research Program (ARPA-E), which is responsible for identifying and funding cutting-edge R&D projects, said, "The biggest problem with batteries is cost." Nature A 2012 survey by the magazine found that Americans are only willing to spend about $13 more per month to ensure that the entire US electricity supply is based on renewable energy. Therefore, the battery can not significantly increase people's electricity bills.
For the utility sector, that means that the cost per kWh of the grid-level energy storage system provided cannot exceed $100. Since the establishment of the US President in 2009, ARPA-E has invested a total of $85 million to develop new batteries that can achieve that goal.
Rolfin said, "People say that I am crazy." According to an electric vehicle battery study published in Nature, for an industry that has not been close to the cost of $700 per kWh since its birth, the target figure is simply low. absurd. Rolfin said that now, although still not possible, $100 per kWh is the standard goal of the entire industry. If you can do this below, then you are not only very competitive - you can still win everything.
That is to say, a good battery that can win the market is this: a cleaner, more reliable energy system that does not rely on fossil fuels and is more powerful to start.
Every time you fluctuate the lighting switch, you are connected to a huge invisible network: the transmission network. Somewhere, at the other end of the high-voltage transmission line that delivers electricity to your home, power plants (perhaps burning coal, with or using increasingly popular natural gas) generate electricity to replace the electricity that you and others have just used up. .
Our grid power needs to be carefully maintained at all times – whether it's too much power or too little power, it can cause problems. Grid operators need careful observation and prediction to determine how much power the power plant should produce per hour or even per minute. But sometimes they make mistakes, which requires the power plant to make timely adjustments to make up the difference.
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